University of Wisconsin-Madison
Department of History
Friday, 10:00-12:00, Humanities Seminar Room
Professor Florentino Rodao
Portugal and Spain were the first western countries to reach the Pacific shores, in the 15th Century. Since then, their presence in the area has had a parallel evolution: before long, they lost their power and capacity to benefit from their domains, later they lost interest and, in the case of Spain, was the first western country to be expelled from Asia- exactly 100 years ago. Portugal will be the last, next year, but the situation does not change essentially: its intercourse with the Asian peoples and its societies was different than that of northern Europeans. Throughout this course, we will discuss how various societies in Asia were shaped and influenced by Iberian governors, priests and/or soldiers, while at the same time we will discuss how native societies could manage to continue living their own lifes.
It is not necessary for students to have a background on Spain and Portugal. Each topic will include introductory materials that will explain the changes in the Iberian Peninsula and/or its colonies from which Macao, Timor or the Philippines were dependent, that is Goa and Mexico. The course will focus on Asia-Pacific societies but it is very recommended (and enjoyable in the case of Elliott’s book) to study the larger context.
There is no single text (in English, Spanish or Portuguese) covering the entire range of topics discussed in this course. There are, however, a number of interesting works that discuss Iberian expansion around the globe. In general, there will be three kinds of reading materials: Course Readings, Context Readings and Background Readings. The standards works in each of these categories are listed bellow.
- Cushner, Nicholas. Spain in the Philippines, From Conquest to Revolution (Manila, Ateneo de Manila University press, , 1971) Reserve DS674 C9
- Phelan, John Leddy, The Hispanization of the Philippines (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953) Reserve DS674 P5
Context Readings
- Elliott, J.H.: Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (New York: New American Library, 1966) Col. Reserve DP161 EE4
- Boxer, Phelan, John Leddy, The hispanization of the Philippines (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953) Reserve DP161 E4
- Clarence-Smith, Gervase, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975. A Study in Economic Imperialism (Manchester, 1975) Col Reserve KV4211 C53 1985
Background Reading
- Blair, Emma H. & Robertson, James A., The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. 55 vols. (Cleveland: A.H. Clark 1903-09) Mem Micro Film 5994 Reel 8 no. 130
In preparation for each meeting of the class, students should read all required readings (that is, those indicated by an asterisk - *), which will generally be Course Readings and Context Readings. In addition, it is recommended that students read selectively from the background Readings. The weekly reading assignments are indicated bellow.
During the semester, each students shall make one oral presentation, write weekly book reviews and complete a research essay (these activities are described more fully bellow). Grades in the course will be computed in the following manner:
- Discussion in class: 30%
- Book reviews: 30%
- Major research essay: 40 %
These three courses are described as follows:
Weekly Reading Reviews and Class Discussions: Each week, every student will submit a two-to-three page analysis of the assigned readings, summarizing the main argument and identifying the main questions raised by the authors. At the beginning of the class, each student shall deliver a short oral summary of the idea raised. These reviews will be placed in my mailbox at the History Department by 5:00pm the day before of our class meetings. In class, students will be asked to join discussion of the readings.
Major Research Essay: By October 2, each student will select a topic for a major research essay. By October 14, each students should submit a brief statement defining the major questions of your research project, together with a bibliography, or list of sources. The finished papers (15-20 pages) should be submitted by November 18. Each students will also be asked to discuss their papers in class and lead a discussion on the topic for approximately an hour. Topics should be discussed with me in advance. The research papers must be written according to a format that will be handed out later in class
* - Phelan, John Leddy, The hispanization of the Philippines (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953), pp. 1-14.
* - Cushner, Spain in the Philippines, Chapters 1-2, pp. 1-54.
* - Andaya, Leonard Y., The World of Maluku. Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), ch. 4, pp. 114-150 DS646.67 A54 1993
Background reading
- Gil, Juan, Mitos y utopias del Descubrimiento, 2. El Pacífico (Madrid: Alianza Universidad, 1989) pp. 13-42
- Pigafetta, First voyage around the world (New York: Marsilio Publishers, 1995) G286 M2 P542 1995
- Spate, O.H.K. The Spanish Lake (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1954) Reserve G288 S68 1979
- Boxer, Charles R. The Church militant and Iberian Expansion, 1440-1770 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 1978) Col BX1584 B68
* - Villiers, John, “Portuguese Malacca and Spanish Manila: Two concepts of Empire”, in Ptak, Roderick, Portuguese Asia: Aspects in History and Economic History (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1987), pp. 37-57 Reserve DS28 PP8 P85 1987
* - Matsuda, Kiichi, The Relations between Portugal and Japan, Lisbon, Junta de Investigaçao do Ultramar, 1965, chapters 2,6, pp. 73-78, 97-106. Reserve DS849 P8 M3
- Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East (Oxford University Press, 1968) Reserve DS796 M2 B59
- Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History (London, New York: Longman, 1993) Reserve DS33.7 S83 1993
- Costa, Joâo Paulo y Gaspar Rodrigues, Victor Luis, El proyecto indiano del Rey Juan (Madrid: Mapfre, 1992) Reserve DS489.3 045 1992
- Boxer, C.R., The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (London: Hutchinson 1969)
- Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Cochin in Decline, 1600-1650: Myth and Manipulation in the Estado da India”, in Ptak, Roderick, Portuguese Asia: Aspects in History and Economic History (Stuttgart: Steiner Verlag, 1987), pp. 57-85.
* - Rafael, V. Contracting Colonialism. Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog society under early Spanish rule, (Ithaca, Cornell Univ. Press, 1988), introduction and chapter 1, pp. 1-154 Reserve DS666 T2 R3 1988
- García-Abasolo, Antonio, “The Private Environment of the Spaniards in the Philippines,”In Philippine Studies, 44-3 (1996), pp. 349-373 Periodical Room
* - Phelan, Hispanization of the Philippines, chapters, 2-6, pp. 15-89.
* - Cushner, Spain in the Philippines, chapter 4, pp. 74-100
* - Reid Anthony “Islamization and Christianization in Southeast Asia: The Critical Phase, 1550-1650”, in Reid, A., Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era. Trade, Power, and Belief (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 151-179. Reserve DS526.4 S68 1993
Background reading
- Cooper, Michael (ed.) , They Came to Japan. An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543-1640 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), chapters 17-20, pp. 297-372. Mem DS808 C6
- Elison, George, Deus Destroyed. The image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1991) pp. 13-53, 248-254. Mem BR1306 E4 1988
- Gernet, Jacques, China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1989), chapters 2-4, pp. 85-240 Mem BR1285 G4713 1985
Week IV (September 25):
Power and Trade in Asia and the Iberian Involvement in the early modern Era
31#2n
- Boyajian, Portuguese Trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640 (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993) Mem HF3698 A78 B69 1993
* - Flynn, Dennis O., and Giraldez, Arturo, “Silk for Silver: Manila-Macao Trade in the 17th Century”, in Philippine Studies, 44 (1996) First Quarter: 52-68
- Boxer, C.R., The Christian Century in Japan, 1549-1950 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961) BR1305 B6 1974
- Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East. Reserve BR1305 B6 1974
- Spate, The Spanish lake, chapters 6-7, pp. 110-175.
* - Ptak, Roderich “Mercants and Maximization: Notes on Chinese and Portuguese Enterpreneurship in Maritime Asia: c. 1350-1600”, in Sprengard and Ptak (ed.) Maritime Asia. Profit Maximisation, Ethics and Trade Structure (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994) pp. 29-59 Mem HF3820.5 Z7 E856 1994
- Matos, Arthur Theodoro de, “The financial situation of the state of India during the Philippine Period”, in Theotonio de Souza (ed.) Indo-Portuguese History, old issues, new questions (New Delhi: Concept, 1985), pp. 90-101. Mem DS498 I535 1985
Background reading:
- Rodao, F., Españoles en Siam, 1540-1939 . Una aportación al estudio de la presencia hispánica en Asia Oriental (Madrid: CSIC, 1997) chapter 1. Mem Item is in process
- Innes, Robert LeRoy, The door Ajar: Japan’s foreign trade in the seventeenth century. Ph.Diss (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1980) Not in the Library
- Boxer, C.R., “Portuguese and Spanish Projects for the Conquest of Southeast Asia, 1580-1600”, in Journal of Asian History, III, 2, 1969 Mem AP J83 A83
- MATOS, Arthur Teodoro de, Timor Portugués, 1515-1769, contribuçâo para á sua história, (Lisboa: Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 1974. ) LOC DS646.57 .M3 1974
* - Phelan, Hispanization of the Philippines, chapters 7-8, pp. 93-120
* - Andaya, Leonard Y., The World of Maluku. Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), ch. 5, pp. 151-175
* - Kirsch, Peter, VOC. “Trade without Ethics?”, and Van Goor, Julien “God and Trade: Morals and Religion under the Dutch East India Company”, both in Sprengard, Anton and Ptak, Roderich, Maritime Asia. Profit Maximization, Ethics and Trade Structure (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1994), pp. 189-220. Mem HF3820.5 27 E856 1996
- Boxer, C.R., The Dutch Seaborne Empire (London, Hutchinson, 1965) Chapete 10, pp. 302-331. Mem DJ156 B6 1965
* - Quiason, Serafin, English “Country Trade” with the Philippines, 1644-1765 (Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1966), pp. 165-201. Mem HF3508 PP5 Q5
- Chaudhuri, K.N., The English East India Company: The study of an early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640 (London: Franck Class & Co, 1965) Not in Library
- Chaudhuri, K.N., The trading world of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660-1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978) Not in Library
- Israel, Jonathan I., The Dutch Republic and the Hispanic World, 1606-1661 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) Mem DH186.5 I85 1982
- Smith, George Vinal, The Dutch in Seventeenth Century Thailand (De Kalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977) Mem DS588 P47 S58
- Rodao, F., Españoles en Siam, 1540-1939 (Madrid: CSIC, 1997) chapter 2
- Furber, Holben, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600-1800 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976) Mem HF481 F96 1976
Week VI (October 9):
Profits and Colonization
Course and Context Readings
* - Larkin, John, “Philippine History reconsidered: a socio-economic perspective”, American Historical Review, 87, 3, 1982, pp. 595-628 www.jstor.org/jstor/
* - Legarda, Benito, “Two and a half centuries of the Galleon Trade”, Philippine Studies (1955) 3-4: 345-72.
* - Cheong, W.E., “The Decline of Manila as the Spanish entrepôt in the Far East, 1785-1826”, in Journal of South East Asian Studies, 2, Sept., 25, 1, 1994, pp. 74-90. Mem Ap J83 S7226
* - Cushner, Spain in the Philippines, chapters 5-6, pp. 101-152.
* - Phelan, Hispanization of the Philippines, chapter 9, pp. 121-135.
- May, Glenn A., “What we know (and Don’t know) about land Tenure in the Spanish Philippines”. EUROSEAS Conference, 26 pp.
- Schurz, The Manila Galleon. (Manila: Historical Conservation Society, 1984, 1st ed. 1939) Mem HF3688 P5 S4 1959
- Díaz-Trechuelo, Lourdes, La Real Compañía de Filipinas, (Sevilla: EEHA, 1965) Mem HF3685 D5
- Cosano Moyano, Filipinas y su Real Hacienda, 1750-1800, (Córdoba: Monte de Piedad, 1986) Not in Library
- García de los Arcos, Mª Fernanda, Estado y Sociedad en Filipinas en los siglos XVIII (México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 1989) Not in the Library
- Arasaratnam, S., Merchants, Companies and Commerce in Coromandel Coast, 1650-1740, Delhi, 1986. Mem HF3789 C67 A73 1986
Week VII (October 16):
Societies, minorities and Iberian rule
Course and Context Readings
* - Cushner, Spain in the Philippines, chapters 7-8, pp. 153-209.
* - Phelan, Hispanization of the Philippines, chapter 10, pp. 136-152.
* - Wickberg, “The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History”, in Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 1964
* - Beckett, Jeremy, “The Defiant and the Compliant: The Datus of Magindanao under Colonial Rule” in McCoy, Alfred W. and De Jesus, Edilberto, Philippine Social History, Global Trade and Local Transformations (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1982), pp. 391-414 Col/ Mem HN713 P477 1982
- Thomaz, Luis Philippe, The Malay Sultanate of Melaka, in Reid, A., Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era. Trade, Power, and Belief (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), pp. 69-90.
- Warren, James F., The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898 (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 1985), chapters I-1& II, 7, pp. 5-16 & 149-182. Reservo Col HF3818 S95 W37 1981
- Wickberg, Edgar K., The Chinese in Philippine Life, 1850-1898 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965) Col/Mem DS666 C5 W5
- Lopez-Gonzaga, Violeta B., The Negrense. A Social History of an Elite Class, (Bacolod: University of La Salle, 1991) pp. 9-33. Mem DS688 N5 G66 1991
- Reid, Anthony, Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, vol. II, (Yale: Yale University Press, 1993) chapter 3, pp. 132-201. Reserve DS526.4 R46 1988
- Schumacher, John, “The depth of Christianization on the early 17th Century Philippines”, in Philippine Studies, 16,3, pp. 535-39.
*- Clarence-Smith, Gervase, “The Portuguese Contribution to the Cuban Slave and Coolie Trades in the Nineteenth Centuries”, in Slavery and Abolition. A Journal of Comparative Studies (1984) 5-1: pp. 24-33.
* - Montalto de Jesus, C.A., Historic Macao (Macao: Salesian Printing Press, 1926) Chapters 28,29, pp. 314-334.
- Castro, Afonso, As possessoes portuguezas na Oceania, (Lisboa: Impresa nacional, 1867) LOC DS646.5 D53
- Clarence-Smith, Gervase, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825-1975. A Study in Economic Imperialism (Manchester, 1975)
- Clarence-Smith, W. G., “The Economic dynamics of Spanish colonialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries”, Itinerario, 15, 1. 1991 Mem AP I9697 A1 L864
- Antunes, jose Freire, O Imperio com pes de barro: colonizaçâo e descolozaçâo, as ideologias em Portugal (Lisboa: Publicaçôes Dom Quixote, 1980) LOC DP762.A58 1980
- Carvalho, Jose dos Santos, Vida e morte em Timor durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial (Lisboa: Libraría Portugal, 1972) Mem D767.99 T47 C36
- Freeney, Denis, Timor:Ffreedom caught between the powers (Notthingham: Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation for Spokesman books, 1975) Mem DS646.5 F73
- Gunn, Geoffrey C., Wartime Portuguese Timor: The Azores Connection (Clayton, Au: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1988) Mem Library DS646.59 T55 G86 1988
- De Jesus, The Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines: bureaucratic enterprise and social change, 1766-1880, 1980, chapters 3-7, pp. 29-97. Mem HD9146 P5 D4
* - Owen, Norman, Prosperity without Progress: Manila hemp and material life in the colonial Philippines, (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1984), pp. 212-253. Mem HD9156 M352 P66 1984
* - Cullinane, Michael, “The changing nature of the Cebu urban elite in the 19th Century”, in McCoy, Alfred W. and De Jesus, Edilberto, Philippine Social History, Global Trade and Local Transformations (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1982), pp. 251-96
* - Sanchez Gomez, Luis A., “The structure of Pueblos de Indios in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period”, in Rodao, F. (coord) Cuadernos de Historia, 1, Manila, pp. 191-208. Not in Library
* - Cushner , Spain in the Philippines, pp. 210-229
- Owen, Norman, “Maria Clara and the market: Women and Change in the 19th century Philippines”. Euroseas Conference
- Larkin, John A., Sugar and the origins of Philippine Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993) Steenbock Library HD9116 P61 L37 1993
- Togores, Luis E., Extremo Oriente en la Política Exterior de España, 1830-1975, (Madrid: Prensa y Ediciones Iberoamericanas, 1997), Chapters 3 & 4, pp. 37-92. Not in Library
- Rodao, F., Españoles en Siam, 1540-1939 (Madrid: CSIC, 1997) chapter 3
- Tsung Hui, Juan, Chinos en América (Madrid, Mapfre, 1992) pp. 151-236. Mem E29 C5 H86 1992
- Celdrán Ruano, Julia, Instituciones Hispanofilipinas en el siglo XIX (Madrid: Mapfre, 1994) Mem DP86 P5 C443 1994
* - Hezel, Francis X., Strangers in their own Land. A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1995) chapter 1, pp. 3-44. Mem DU565 H496 1995
- May, Glenn., “Civic Ritual and Political Reality: Municipal Elections in the late Nineteenth Century”, in Paredes, Ruby (ed.), Philippine Colonial Democracy (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1989), pp. 13-40. Reserve DS659 948 1988
* - Torre del Rio, Rosario “The Philippines and the Distribution of the Far East during the crisis of 1898”, in Rodao, F. (coord) Cuadernos de Historia, 1, Manila, pp. 165-175.
- Pozuelo, Belén, “Dismantling of the Spanish Colony in the Mariana Islands (1898-1899)”, in Pacific Islands. The Spanish Legacy, Madrid, Lunwerg, 1998, pp. 37-44.
- Karnow, Stanley, In Our image. America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random Hause, 1989), chapters 3-4, pp. 48-105.
* - Steinberg, David J., The Philippines, A Singular and Plural Place (Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1994), pp. 60-73.
- Ileto, Reynaldo, Pasyon and Revolution. Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910 (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1979), chapter 3, pp. 55-113.
- Rizal, Jose, El Filibusterismo ; Noli me Tangere Various editions
- Elizalde, Mª Dolores, España en el Pacífico: la colonia de las Islas Carolinas, 1885-1899. Un modelo colonial en el contexto internacional del imperialismo. (Madrid, CSIC, 1992). Mem DU565 E25 1992
- Rodao, “Conflictos con Estados Unidos en Ponapé: preludio para 1898”, en Rodao (ed.) Estudios sobre Filipinas y las Islas del Pacífico, Madrid, AEEP, 1989, pp. 103-112. Mem DS655 E87 1989
- Cortada, James W., Spain and the French Invasion of Cochinchina (Tallahassee: Pub. Of Florida State Univ., 1973) Mem DP85.8 S63 1994
* - Pilapil, Vicente R., “The Far East”, in Cortada, James W. (ed.) Spain in the World, 1898-1978 (Westport, CO: Greenwood Press, 1980), pp. 213-234. Mem DP233.8 S65 1980
* - Krebs, Gerhard, “Japanese-Spanish Relations, 1936-1945,” in The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. 3, 1988, pp. 21-52.
* - Rodao, F., “Spanish Presence in the Far East around 1945”, in Rodao, F. (coord) Cuadernos de Historia, 1, Manila, pp.177-189.
* - Rodao, F., Spanish Culture in the Pacific after 1898, in Quanchi, Max and Talu, Alaima, Messy Entanglements, Brisbane, 1995, pp. 173-179
Background reading:
- Borao, Jose Eugenio, España y China, 1927-1967. (Taipei: Central Publishing Co., 1993) Not in Library
- Rodao, Españoles en Siam, chapter 4.
- Balfour, Sebastian, The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898-1923 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) Mem DP243 B28 1997
* - McCoy, Alfred, Sugar barons: formation of a native planter class in the colonial Philippines, in E.V. Daniel et al., Plantations, Peasants and proletarians in colonial Asia, 1992, 106-41.
* - Steinberg, David J., “The Philippine “Collaborators”: Survival of an Oligarchy”, in Josef Silverstein, ed., Southeast Asia in World War II: Four Essays (New Haven: Southeast Asia Studies,Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 67-86. Col/Mem D767 S56
* - Rodao, F, “Spanish Falange in the Philippines, 1936-1945”, in Philippine Studies, vol. 43 (1995): 3-26.
* - Rodao, F., “Spanish Companies in the Philippines after the Revolution”, in print. 16pp.
- Sidel, John T., “Philippine Politics in Town, District and Province: Bossism in Cavite and Cebu”, in Journal of Asian Studies 56-4 (1997), pp. 947-966.
- Quirino, Carlos, Philippine Tycoon, The biography of an Industrialist (Maniala: Madrigal Memorial Foundation, 1987)
- May, Glenn, Social Engineering in the Philippines, 1900-1913,The aims, execution and impact of American colonial policy, 1900-1913 (Quezón City: New Day, 1984), chapter 8 Col/Mem DS685 M28
- McCoy, Alfred., “The Philippines – Independence without Decolonisation”, in Robin Jeffrey, ed., Asia –The Winning of Independence (London: MacMillan, 1981), pp. 23-65. DS526.4 A74 1981
- Zialcita, Fernando N., “State Formation, colonialism and National identity in Vietnam and the Philippines”, in Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 23 (1995): 77-117 Mem AP P551 Q14
- McCoy, Alfred and Roces, Alfredo, Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era, 1900-1941 (Quezon City: Vera Reyes, 1985) Mem DS685 M34 1985
- Cullinane, Michael, “Patron as Client”, in McCoy (ed.) An Anarchy of Families. State and Family in the Philippines (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), pp. 163-241. Mem/Col DS685 A62 1993
- Quirino, Carlos, Who’s Who in Philippine History (Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995) Mem DS653.7 Q57 1997
- Roth, Dennis, The Friar States in the Philippines (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1977) Mem HD903 R67
* - Terada Takefumi, “Notes on Spirit Cults of the Santo Niño in the Philippines”, in The Journal of Sophia Asian Studies, 6 (1988): 105-116.
* - Reed, Robert, “Antipolo: Hispanic Construction and Filipino Transformation of a Catholic Pilgrimage Center” EUROSEAS Conference, 56 pp.
- Schumacher, John N., “Foreign Missionaries and Politico-Cultural Orientations of the Roman Catholic Church”, in Philippine Studies (1990) 38-2: 151-165.
* - Schumacher, John N., Readings in Philippine Church History (Manila: Loyola School of Theology, 1987) pp. 313-384
- Dennis M. Roth, “Church Lands in the Agrarian History of the Tagalog Region”, in McCoy & De Jesus (ed.) Philippine Social History (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1982) pp. 131-153.
- Fabros, Wilfredo, The Church and its Social Involvement in the Philippines, 1930-1972 (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 9182), pp. 17-50.
* - Rodríguez-Ponga, Rafael, “Language and Culture in Former Spanish Oceania after 1898”, in Pacific Islands. The Spanish Legacy, Madrid, Lumwerg, 1998, pp. 51-56
* - Rodao, F., “Spanish Language in the Philippines, 1900-1940”, in Philippine Studies, 45 (1997), 1: 94-107.
* - Gonzalez, Andrew B., Language and Nationalism. The Philippine Experience Thus Far (Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1980), chapters 1-2, pp. 1-59
* - Anderson, Benedict. R., Language and Power. Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990), chapter 6, pp. 194-237.
- Whinnom, Keith, “Spanish in the Philippines”, in Journal of Oriental Studies, 1, pp. 129-154
- Lopes, David, A Expansâo da Lingua Portuguesa no Oriente nos Séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, (Bracéelos: Portucalense, 1936) LOC PC5049.16/41
- Wicki, Josef, “La lengua castellana en la India Portuguesa del siglo XVI”, in De la Torre, Ernesto (comp.), La Expansión hispanoamericana en Asia. Siglos XVI y XVII (México: Fondo de cultura Económica, 1980) pp. 86-95 Mem F1416 A78 C66 1976
- Whinnom, K., Spanish contacts vernaculars in the Philippine Islands (London: Hong Kong University Press, 1956) chapter 1, pp. 1-17 Mem PM7844 P5 W5
- Hayden, Joseph R., Philippines. A Study in National Development (New York: MacMillan, 1947) Mem DS686 H3
* - Bankoff, Greg, “Redefining criminality: gambling and financial expediency in the Philippines, 1764-1898”, in Journal of South East Asian Studies, 22, 2, 1991, pp. 267-81
* - Wendt, Reinhard, “Philippine Fiesta and Colonial Culture”, in Philippine Studies, vol. 46 (1998): 3-23
* - Fernández, Doreen, “Zarzuela to Sarswela: Indigenization and Transformation”, in Philippine Studies (1993) 41-3, pp. 320-43.
- Boxer, C.R., Mary and Misogyny: Women in Iberian Expansion Overseas, 1415-1815 (London: Buckworth, 1975)
* - Doran, Christine, “Spanish and Mestizo Women of Manila”, in Philippine Studies, 41-3 (1993): 269-286
- Agoncillo, Teodoro “The Cultural Aspects of the Japanese Occupation”, in Philippine Social Science and Humanities Review, 28 (4), pp. 351-94
* - McCoy, Alfred, “”An Anarchy of Families””: The Historiography of Sate and Family in the Philippines”, in McCoy (ed.) An Anarchy of Families (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1993), pp. 1-32.
- Doeppers, Daniel F., Manila 1900-1941. Social change in a Late Colonial Metropolis (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1984), chapter 3, pp. 51-85. Col/Mem HN720 M33 D63 1984
- Boxer, C. R., “The Color Question in the Portuguese Empire”, Proceedings of the British Academy, 47 (1962): 113-38
- Boxer, C.R. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963)
- Pereira, Alexius A., The Singapore Portuguese: Hybridity, Identity and Representation in the 1990s. Euroseas Conference. 10 pp.
Chin Yik Poh, The Portuguese Settlement of Malacca, Singapore, 1968